LV P Y, XUE Y H, DUAN H L. Stability and evolution of liquid-gas interfaces on superhydrophobic surfaces[J].?Advances in Mechanics, 2016, 46: 201604.
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Stability and evolution of liquid-gas interfaces on superhydrophobic surfaces
LV Pengyu,?XUE Yahui,?DUAN Huiling?
Abstract: Microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces have broad applications such as anti-fouling and drag reduction.The performance of such surfaces strongly depends on the stability of liquid-gas interfaces, which affects physical processes including wetting transition, restoration and bubble evolution.Various physical factors including pressurization and gas diffusion may destabilize the liquid-air interfaces, and lead to evolution in different manners.In this paper, we first summarize the three types of interfacial stability problems for liquid-gas interfaces.Relying on external stimulations, the liquid-air interface may evolve into different stages and exhibit different morphologies.The recent progress of research on the stability and control of liquid-air interfaces in both droplet systems and submersion circumstances has been reviewed.Based on this review, remaining challenges for future research have been given.
Key words:?superhydrophobic surfaces????liquid-gas interfaces????stability????wetting transition????drag reduction
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ΪÁ˸üºÃµØ±£³ÖÍÁ²ãµÄÀιÌÐÔ£¬Óë´Ëͬʱ¾¡Á¿µÄÀ©´óÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÕ¼±È£¬¿ÉÒÔÀûÓÃÔÚÍâÐʹ¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹À´×öµ½ÕâһĿµØ(Bhushan et al. 2009£¬Qu¨¦r¨¦ 2008)(ͼ 3(a)). ¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹¿ÉÒÔÌá¸ß¶à¿×½á¹¹ÄÚµÄÆûÌå³É·Ö£¬¼õÉÙ¹Ì̬ÓëҺ̬µÄ´¥Åö×ÜÃæ»ý£¬¼õÉÙҺ̬ÓëÍâÐεÄ𤸽¹¦Ð§£¬½ø¶øÍê³É´ó±íÃæÕÅÁ¦µÍÖͺóÐԵij¬ÊèË®Ìصã(Kwon et al. 2009£¬Su et al. 2010a). Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹»¹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÇÖÈóÇé¿ö´ÓCassie-Baxter µ½Wenzel ת±äÈ«¹ý³ÌÖÐΪҺ-ÆøÒ³Ãæ¸øÓè´óÁ¿µÄ¶¤Ôúµã(Hemeda et al. 2014£¬Xue et al. 2012)(ͼ 3(b))£¬À©´óÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄÄÜÁ¦ÄÜ϶(Bottiglione & Carbone£¬2013£¬Hensel et al. 2014)£¬·¢Õ¹¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵ÖÓùÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄ¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦(ͼ 3(c))£¬ÍØ¿íË®Öжà¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵ÄʹÓÃÆÚÏÞ. ¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹·´Ó³³öµÄ¾«Õ¿µÄ×ÔÇåÀí¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÔණÎ÷¶Ñ»ýÔÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÄڵĸÅÂÊ£¬¼õÉٷǶԳƼÓÃÜʧºâ²úÉúµÄ¼¸ÂÊ(Lv et al. 2015). ²»½öÈç´Ë£¬Ôڶ༶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹ÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ²úÉúÄÉÃ×¼¼ÊõCassie-BaxterÇé¿ö£¬ÔÚ·¢Õ¹Ç×Ë®ÐÔÍâÐÍÐÂÐ͹¦ÄܲÄÁÏʹÓÃÊÙÃüµÄÓë´Ëͬʱ£¬Ò²ÓÐÒæÓÚ¾¡Á¿¶àµÄ´¢´æÆûÌ壬Íƶ¯ÇÖÈóÇé¿öÐÞ¸´È«¹ý³ÌµÄ²úÉú£¬·¢Õ¹¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵ÄÐÐÊ»ÂÊ. ¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹»¹Äܹ»·¢Õ¹ÍâÐÍÄÍÄ¥ËðµÄ»úеÉ豸ÀιÌÌØÐÔ£¬½øÒ»²½À©ÕÅÁ˳¬ÊèË®ÍâÐ͵ÄÔËÓ÷¶³ë(Aytug et al. 2013£¬Verho et al. 2011).
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ͼ 3?¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹¶ÔÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔµÄΣº¦:(a)µäÐÍÐԵĶ༶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍ(Kwon et al. 2009). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÓлú»¯Ñ§Ñ§ºÃÈ«²¿.(b)¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹ÎªÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³ÌÖÐÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄŲ¶¯¸øÓèÁË´óÁ¿µÄ¶¤Ôúµã.(c)¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹µÄ´æÓпÉÒÔ·¢Õ¹ÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄÁÙ½çÖµÆøÌåѹǿ(Hemeda et al. 2014)£¬ÔÚÆäÖÐdΪ´Î¼¶ÏßȦ¶à¿×½á¹¹±¡ºñ£¬lΪ´Î¼¶ÏßȦ¶à¿×½á¹¹³¤¶Ì£¬MΪ´Î¼¶ÏßȦ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÊýÁ¿£¬PcrΪÁÙ½çֵʧºâÆøÌåѹǿ£¬´Î¼¶ÏßȦ¶à¿×½á¹¹µÄ×ÜÁ¿ºÍ½á¹¹¶¼ÊÇ»á¶ÔÊÔÆ·ÍâÐ͵ÖÓùÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄ¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦Ôì³ÉΣº¦. ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÎïÀíѧίԱ»á³ö°æ·¢ÐÐÔðÈÎÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾È«²¿ |
×ܵÄÀ´Ëµ£¬Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÊÇÍê³ÉCassie-BaxterÇé¿öµÄ±ØÐë±ê×¼£¬Ò²ÊÇÍê³É¾ß±¸´ó±íÃæÕÅÁ¦¡¢µÍÖͺóÐԵij¬ÊèË®ÍâÐ͵ÄÖ÷ÒªÒòËØ. ³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐͲ»µ«ÔÚ×ÔÇåÀí¡¢ÄÍÎÛµÈÐÐÒµ¾ß±¸³öÉ«µÄÔËÓ㬻¹Äܹ»ÔÚË®Öгöº½Æ÷¡¢´óÖÐÐͳ¤¾àÀëʯÓ͹ܵÀÊäÆø¹Ü¡¢Î¢ÒºÌåÔªÆ÷¼þµÈÐÐÒµ³ä·ÖÔËÓÃÆäÁ÷Ì嶯Á¦Ñ§Ò³ÃæÒƶ¯Æ¢Æø£¬×öµ½¼õÉÙÁ÷¶¯ÐÔĦ²Á×èÁ¦¡¢¹Ü¿Ø¿ÕÊ´µÈÄ¿µØ. ÎÄÖÐ×îÏÈÊáÀíÂÛÊöÁËÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔµÄÈý¸ö»ù±¾ÉÏ¿ÆѧºÏÀíÌâÐÍ; Ëæºó¸÷×Ô¶ÔÓÚ³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵºÍË®ÖнþÈë¹ÜÀíÌåϵ£¬Æ«ÖØÓÚ²»Ò»ÑùÍⲿҪËضԶþÖÖÇÖÈóģʽµÄΣº¦£¬¾ßÌåÃèÊöÏֽ׶ÎÊÀ½ç¸÷¹úÓйضà¿×½á¹¹Òº -ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔ¿ÆѧÑо¿µÄ¹Ø¼ü½ø¶È; ×îÖÕÏêϸ½éÉÜÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÔÚÁ÷Ì嶯Á¦Ñ§Òƶ¯½çÏÞ²ãÃæµÄÔËÓÃ.
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ͼ 4?Cassie-BaxterÇé¿öÓëWenzelÇé¿öÖмä´æÓж¯ÄÜÄÜ϶(Ren 2014). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÓлú»¯Ñ§Ñ§ºÃÈ«²¿ |
ÌÈÈôºöÊÓ¹ßÐÔÁ¦£¬¿¼Âǵ½×¼¾²Ì¬Êý¾ÝÌâÐÍ£¬ÄÇüN¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍ´ÓCassie-Baxterµ½WenzelµÄÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±ä¹Ø¼üÓÐÈýÖÖÖÖÀà: ÍѶ¤Ôúת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì(depinning transition)ºÍËɳÛת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì(sag transition)(Kusumaatmaja et al. 2008£¬Manukyan et al. 2011£¬Patankar 2010£¬Reyssat et al. 2008). ÍѶ¤Ôúת±äÈ«¹ý³ÌÖУ¬´¦ÔÚCassie-BaxterÇé¿öµÄÈýÏà´¥ÅöÏß´Ó¶à¿×½á¹¹¶¥²¿½Çµã´¦ÍѶ¤Ôú(depin)£¬ËæºóÒº-ÆøÒ³Ãæ˳×Ŷà¿×½á¹¹Íâ±ÚϽµ£¬Ö±µ½´¥Åö¶à¿×½á¹¹µ×±ß²¢·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊƳÉWenzelÇé¿ö£¬½øÐÐת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì(ͼ 5(a)). ËɳÛת±äÈ«¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÔÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹Íâ±ÚÉϵıíÃæÕÅÁ¦»¹Î´×öµ½Ç°ÐбíÃæÕÅÁ¦Ê±£¬ÍäҺ붥²¿ÔçÒÑÓë¶à¿×½á¹¹µ×±ß´¥Åö£¬´Ó¶ø²úÉúÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±ä£¬¶øÕâʱÈýÏà´¥ÅöÏßÒÀÈ»¶¤ÔúÔÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹¶¥²¿½Çµã´¦(ͼ 5(b)). Õë¶Ô½ÏÉîµÄ¶à¿×½á¹¹£¬ÆäÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì¹Ø¼üΪÍѶ¤Ôúת±ä; ¶øÕë¶ÔƫdzµÄ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÔòÒÔËɳÛת±äÈ«¹ý³ÌΪÖ÷µ¼.
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ͼ 5?´ÓCassie-BaxterÇé¿öµ½WenzelÇé¿öµÄ¶þÖÖת±äʵÌåÄ£ÐÍ(Patankar 2010):(a)ÍѶ¤Ôúת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì(depinning transition)£¬ÔÚÆäÖЦÈpinΪ¶¤ÔúÔÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹¶¥²¿½Çµã´¦µÄÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÔÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹Íâ±ÚÉϵıíÃæÕÅÁ¦£¬¦ÈeΪ¶à¿×½á¹¹Íâ±ÚµÄ±¾Õ÷±íÃæÕÅÁ¦£¬µ±¦Èpin>¦Èeʱ£¬²úÉúÍѶ¤Ôúת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì.(b)ËɳÛת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì(sag transition)£¬ÔÚÆäÖÐsagΪÍäҺ붥²¿ËɳÛÉî²ã£¬HΪ¶à¿×½á¹¹Éî²ã£¬µ±sag>Hʱ£¬²úÉúËɳÛת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì.³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÓлú»¯Ñ§Ñ§ºÃÈ«²¿ |
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Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄ¿ÆѧÑо¿¹Ø¼üÉæ¼°µ½¶þÖÖÇÖÈó¹ÜÀíÌåϵ: ³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵºÍË®ÖнþÈë¹ÜÀíÌåϵ. Õâ¶þÖÖ¹ÜÀíÌåϵ¶¼´æÓÐÈýÀàÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔÌâÐÍ. Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄÀιÌÐÔÔâÊܸ÷ÖÖÒªËصÄΣº¦£¬¹Ø¼ü°üº¬×ÔÈ»»·¾³ÆøÌåѹǿ¡¢ÆûÌåÂûÑÓ¡¢ÒºÌ¬»Ó·¢¡¢¹ÜÀíÌåϵÕ𶯡¢ÒºÌå¼ô½ØµÈ¹¦Ð§(Boreyko & Chen£¬2009£¬Hyvaluoma & Harting£¬2008£¬Lei et al. 2010£¬Moulinet & Bartolo£¬2007£¬Poetes et al. 2010£¬Sbragaglia et al. 2007). ÔÚʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÖУ¬³£³£ÊǶàÖÖ¶àÑùÔÒòһͬ¹¦Ð§£¬²Ù×ÝÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄÐÎ×´Ñݱ䣬Σº¦ÆäÀιÌÐÔ. ¶ø¶ÔÓÚ²»Ò»ÑùµÄ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÇÖÈó¹ÜÀíÌåϵ£¬Î£º¦Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔµÄÖ÷ÒªÒªËØÓÖ»áÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÇø±ð. ±ÈÈçÕë¶Ô³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵ£¬ÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄ¹Ø¼üÍƶ¯Á¦ÊdzöÒº»Ó·¢»òÊÇÅöײ£¬¶øÕë¶ÔË®ÖнþÈë¹ÜÀíÌåϵ£¬¶ÔÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔµÄΣº¦¹Ø¼üÊÇ×ÔÈ»»·¾³ÆøÌåѹǿºÍÆûÌåÂûÑÓ. ×ÔWenzel(1936)¡¢CassieºÍBaxter(1944)µÄÏÈÐÐÕß¹¤×÷ÖÁ½ñ£¬²»¹â»¬¹¹ÔìÍâÐÍÉϵÄҺ̬ÇÖÈóÐÐΪÔçÒѵ¼ÖÂÁËר¼ÒѧÕßÃǵÄÆÕ±é¹ØÐÄ£¬ÔÚÆäÖÐÐí¶à¿ÆѧÑо¿¹¤×÷Öоۼ¯ÔÚÐðÊö³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵµÄÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì. °éËæ×ų¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍÔÚ¼õ×è¼õÔë²ãÃæÔËÓõÄÀ©Õ¹£¬Ë®ÖнþÈë¹ÜÀíÌåϵÖð½¥±ä³ÉÁË¿ÆѧÑо¿µÄÍøÂçÈȵã. Ë®ÖнþÈë¹ÜÀíÌåϵÓë³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵµÄ¹Ø¼ü²îÒìÈ¡¾öÓÚ: ½«¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐͳ¹µ×½þÈëÓÚË®ÖУ¬¶à¿×½á¹¹¼äµÄÆøÁìÎò²úÉúÒ»¸ö·â±ÕʽµÄÍÁ²ã£¬ÆøÌåѹǿ»áÔâÊܾ²Ë®Ñ¹Á¦Ç¿µÄÃ÷ÏÔΣº¦£¬Óë´Ëͬʱ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÄÚÓëË®ÖÊÖеÄÆøÌå½»»»°éËæ×ÅÂûÑÓºÍÏûÈÜÈ«¹ý³ÌÔÚ²»¶Ï¿ªÕ¹£¬Á¢¼´Ó°Ïìµ½ÁËÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄ²¿Î»ÓëÍâ¹ÛÉè¼Æ. ²»ÄÑ¿´³ö£¬È·Á¢ÊÔÑéϵͳÈí¼þµÄ±¾ÉíÌص㼰ÆäÔâÊܵÄÍâ½çµÄÓ°Ï죬ÊǾ«×¼´´½¨ÊµÌåÄ£ÐÍ¿ÆѧÑо¿Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐԵĻù±¾. ÆÊÎöÔÚÆäÖеÄÌåÖÆ£¬´¦ÀíÔâÓöµÄÌâÐÍ£¬¶ÔÀ©Õų¬Êèˮ΢ÄÉÃ×¼¼ÊõÍâÐÍÐÂÐ͹¦ÄܲÄÁϵÄÔËÓ÷¶³ë£¬Íƶ¯¸ßпƼ¼µÄÌáÉý£¬´Ù½ø¹¤ÒµÉú²ú¼¼ÊõˮƽµÄ½ø²½¾ß±¸½¹ÂDz»°²µÄʵ¼ÊÒâÒå. Õâ½Ú¸÷×Ô´Ó³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵºÍË®ÖнþÈë¹ÜÀíÌåϵ2¸öÊӽǣ¬Æ«ÖØÓÚ²»Ò»ÑùÒªËضÔÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔµÄΣº¦£¬Ïêϸ½éÉÜÏֽ׶ÎÊÀ½ç¸÷¹úÓйضà¿×½á¹¹Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔ¿ÆѧÑо¿µÄ¹Ø¼ü½ø¶È.
3.1 ³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵµÄÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔ
³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵÊÇ¿ÆѧÑо¿ÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄ»ù±¾. ½«³öÒº·Åµ½³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍÉÏ£¬ÒºÌÊϱ߶à¿×½á¹¹ÄÚµÄÆûÌåÔÚÒ»Ñùƽʱ״¿öÏÂÊÇÓëËÄÖÜ»·¾³¿ÕÆøÁ¬Í¨µÄ£¬ÆäÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄÀιÌÐÔÓë¸÷ÖÖÔÒòÏà¹Ø£¬¹Ø¼ü°üº¬ÆøÌåѹǿ±ä»¯(Kwon et al. 2009£¬Lafuma & Qu¨¦r¨¦£¬2003)¡¢×ÔÈ»»·¾³Õñµ´(Bormashenko et al. 2007c£¬Bormashenko et al. 2007d)¡¢»Ó·¢(Chen et al. 2012£¬Reyssat et al. 2008£¬Tsai et al. 2010)¡¢¶à¿×½á¹¹¼¸ºÎͼÐÎÖ÷Òª²ÎÊý±ä»¯(Bormashenko et al. 2007a£¬Shahraz et al. 2012)¡¢³å»÷ÐÔ¹¦Ð§(Bartolo et al. 2006£¬Kwon et al. 2011)µÈ. Á˽â¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùÇÖÈóÇé¿öÖм以Ïàת±äµÄ¶¯Ì¬ÐÔÑݱ䣬Õë¶Ô¹Ü¿ØºÍ¸Ä½ø¸ù¾ÝCassie-BaxterÇé¿öµÄ³¬ÊèˮƢÆøÓÈÆäºÜÊǽ¹ÂDz»°². Ò»·½Ã棬¸ù¾Ý²úÆ·½á¹¹Éè¼Æ¿ÉÒÔ·¢Õ¹³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍÔ²ÄÁÏ×÷ÓõijÖÐøÐÔ(Tuteja et al. 2007); ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÔÚÑÇÎÈ̬»òÄÉÃ×¼¼ÊõCassie-BaxterÇé¿ö²ÐÓàµÄÆûÌåҲΪÐÞ¸´Cassie-BaxterÇé¿ö¸øÓèÁ˸ÅÂÊ£¬ÕýÈçͬ2.2 ½ÚÌá¼°µÄÇÖÈóÇé¿öÐÞ¸´È«¹ý³Ì.
³öÒº»Ó·¢ÊÇ´¿ÌìÈ»½çÖÐ×î´ó¶àÊýµÄ¼£Ïó. °éËæׯӷ¢È«¹ý³ÌµÄ¿ªÕ¹£¬³öÒºÈÝ»ý»áÖð½¥¼õÉÙ£¬³öÒºÍâÐ͵ľùÖµÕÛÉäÂÊÖð½¥À©´ó£¬³öÒºÄÚµÄѹÁ¦Ò²Öð½¥À©´ó£¬Óɶà¿×½á¹¹Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄÍäÕÛËù²úÉúµÄ¶îÍâÆøÌåѹǿ×îºóû·¨³Ð¼Ì±£³ÖÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄ¾ùºâ£¬Ôì³ÉÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄ²úÉú£¬ÈçÏÂͼ 14?ËùÏÔʾ.?Tsai µÈ(2010)¹Û²ìÁËÇ×Ë®ÐÔ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍÉϵijöÒºÔÚ¼ÓÈÈÁ÷³ÌÖÐÍâ¹ÛÉè¼ÆµÄ±ä»¯£¬·¢¾õ±í¹Û±íÃæÕÅÁ¦ÔÚ³öÒº±äСµÄ»·½ÚÖÐͻȻ±ä»¯£¬×¢ÊÍÇÖÈóÇé¿ö´ÓCassie-Baxter µ½Wenzel µÄͻȻת±ä£¬²¢´Ó¶¯ÄÜÉÏ̽ÌÖÁ˳öÒº¹æ¸ñ¶ÔÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄΣº¦.?Luo µÈ(2010)ÐÐÊ»¼¤¹âÆ÷ɨÃèÒǹ²¾Û½¹ÏÔ΢¾µ¹Û²éÁ˳öÒºÔÚºÊÒ¶ºÍÄÉÃ×¼¼Êõ¸´ºÏÐÍËÜÁϱ¡Ä¤¶þÖÖ³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍÉÏCassie-BaxterÇé¿öµ½WenzelÇé¿öµÄת±ä£¬¿ÆѧÑо¿Á˶à¿×½á¹¹ÄÚÆûÌå³É·ÖËæ•r¼äµÄ±ä»¯£¬ÂÛÊöÁËÇ¡ºÃÊÇÓÉÓÚÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄ´æÓУ¬²Å´ÙʹÊÔ¼þÍâÐÍÓнϵ͵ÄÖͺóÐÔ£¬²úÉú×ÔÇåÀíÍâÐÍ.?Papadopoulos µÈ(2013)Ò»ÑùÐÐÊ»¹²¾Û½¹ÏÔ΢¾µ¼¼ÊõÐÔ¹ÜÀíÌåϵ¹Û²ìÁ˳öÒº»Ó·¢È«¹ý³ÌÖÐÒº-ÆøÒ³ÃæÈýάÐÎʽµÄ¶¯Ì¬ÐÔÑݱ䣬ÅÄÕÕµ½ÍäҺλ°¼ÏÝÇÖÈó¶à¿×½á¹¹µÄÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì£¬Æä°¼ÏÝËÙ¶ÈÓë³öÒº»Ó·¢ËÙ¶ÈÏà¹Ø.
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ͼ 14?³öÒº»Ó·¢ÒýÆðÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì:(a)³öÒº»Ó·¢È«¹ý³ÌµÄʱ¼äÐòÁзÖÎöͼÏ󣬹ؼü°üº¬ÈýÏà´¥ÅöÏ߶¤Ôú·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆÈ«¹ý³Ì(CCL)¡¢±íÃæÕÅÁ¦ÔÈËÙÔ˶¯·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆÈ«¹ý³Ì(CCA)¼°Æä»ìºÍ·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆÈ«¹ý³Ì(Mixed)(Chen et al. 2012). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÎïÀí»áÈ«²¿.(b)Òº-ÆøÒ³Ãæ°éËæ×ųöÒº»Ó·¢¶øÉîÏݶà¿×½á¹¹ÖУ¬²úÉúÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±ä(Papadopoulos et al. 2013). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÎÒ¹úÑо¿ÔºÈ«²¿.(c)³öÒº»Ó·¢Á÷³ÌÖУ¬±í¹Û±íÃæÕÅÁ¦»ùÒòÍ»±ä£¬×¢ÊÍÇÖÈóÇé¿ö´ÓCassie-Baxter µ½Wenzel µÄת±ä(Tsai et al. 2010). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÎïÀí»áÈ«²¿ |
ÆøÌåѹǿ±ä»¯¡¢³öÒºÅöײÍâÐÍ¡¢×ÔÈ»»·¾³¸ÉÈŵÈÈ«ÊÇÈÕ³£Éú»îÖг£³£²úÉúµÄ¼£Ïó. ÆøÌåѹǿ±ä»¯»áͬʱΣº¦Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄ¾ùºâÇé¿ö£¬´´½¨Ðµľùºâ; Åöײȫ¹ý³ÌÖгöÒº¾ß±¸½Ï´óµÄ»úеÄÜ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸øÓè³ä·ÖµÄÁ¦Á¿´Ùʹ¹ÜÀíÌåϵԽ¹ýÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄÄÜÁ¦ÄÜ϶; ×ÔÈ»»·¾³Õñµ´µÄÐÎÊÆÒ²ÊǸ÷ÖÖ¸÷Ñù£¬¹Ø¼üÌåÏÖÔÚ´Ùʹ¹ÜÀíÌåϵ²úÉúÕ𶯣¬Ôì³É³öÒº»÷°ÜÄÜÀݲúÉúÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±ä. ¾¡¹Ü¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùÍâ½çµÄÓ°ÏìÒªËصÄÏ꾡¹¦Ð§·½·¨²»Ò»Ñù£¬µ«ÆäÖÐÔÚÌåÖƶ¼ÊÇÓÉÓÚ¸ø¶à¿×½á¹¹ÇÖÈó¹ÜÀíÌåϵ¸øÓèÁ˳äÅæµÄ¶¯ÄÜ£¬´Ùʹ¹ÜÀíÌåϵ¿ÉÒÔ³¬Ô½¶¯ÄÜÄÜ϶£¬ÔÚCassie-BaxterÇé¿öºÍWenzelÇé¿öÖм俪չת±ä£¬ÈçÏÂͼ 15?ËùÏÔʾ.
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ͼ 15?³öÒº¹ÜÀíÌåϵҺ-ÆøÒ³ÃæÀιÌÐÔµÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ:(a)ÆøÌåѹǿ±ä»¯(Lafuma & Qu¨¦r¨¦ 2003). ³ö°æȨ¹é´¿ÌìÈ»³ö°æ·¢Ðм¯ÍŹ«Ë¾È«²¿.(b)³öÒºÅöײ(Bartolo et al. 2006). ³ö°æȨ¹é·¨¹úÎïÀí»á³ö°æ·¢ÐÐÓÐÏÞÔðÈι«Ë¾È«²¿.(c)¹ÜÀíÌåϵÕð¶¯ÒýÆðÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì(Bormashenko et al. 2007d). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÓлú»¯Ñ§Ñ§ºÃÈ«²¿.(d)¹ÜÀíÌåϵÕð¶¯ÒýÆðÇÖÈóÇé¿öÐÞ¸´È«¹ý³Ì(Boreyko & Chen£¬2009). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÎïÀí»áÈ«²¿ |
ΪÁ˸üºÃµØÀ©´ó¶¯ÄÜÄÜ϶½ø¶ø·¢Õ¹Cassie-BaxterÇé¿öµÄÀιÌÐÔ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸ù¾ÝÓÐЧÉè¼Æ·½°¸ÍâÐͶà¿×½á¹¹½á¹¹À´Íê³É£¬±ÈÈ磬Ìá¸ß¶à¿×½á¹¹µÄ³¤Ï¸±È£¬´î½¨¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵È. ÍâÐͳ¬ÊèË®ÌصãÒ»Ñùƽʱ¸ù¾Ý¶þÖÖ°ì·¨À´Íê³É(Feng et al. 2002£¬Jin et al. 2011£¬Patankar 2004a):(1)ÔÚÇ×Ë®ÐÔÍâÐÍÉϴ΢ÄÉÃ×¼¼Êõ¶à¼¶±ð¹¹Ôì;(2)ÔÚ²»¹â»¬ÍâÐÍÉÏ×°ÊεÍÍâÐÍÄܳɷÖ. ÒÀ¾ÝÕâÒ»»ù±¾ÔÀí£¬ºÜ¶àµÄ¿ÆÑй¤×÷ÖÐÈ¡µÃ³É¹¦ÖÆ×÷³ö¾ß±¸¸÷ÖÖ¸÷Ñù¶à¿×½á¹¹ÖÖÀàµÄ³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍ£¬±í¹Û±íÃæÕÅÁ¦ÄËÖÁ¿ÉÒÔÌù½ü180¡À(Gao & McCarthy£¬2006c£¬Larmour et al. 2007£¬Zhang & Seeger£¬2011). ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬Õë¶ÔÎüË®ÐÔ×ӵĵײÄÔ²ÄÁÏ£¬ÌÈÈôÓÐЧÉè¼Æ·½°¸ÍâÐͶà¿×½á¹¹Íâò£¬ÒÀÈ»¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍ(Áõ½¨ÁÖ2007£¬Feng et al. 2003£¬Hensel et al. 2013£¬Hosono et al. 2005£¬Liu et al. 2007£¬Liu & Kim£¬2014£¬Patankar 2009£¬Zhu M F et al. 2006). Æä¹Ø¼üÉè¼Æ¹¹Ë¼±ãÊǽ«¶à¿×½á¹¹Éú²ú¼Ó¹¤³ÉÄÚ°¼½á¹¹(ͼ 16(a))£¬ÀàËÆÌø³æÍâÐ͵Ķà¿×½á¹¹(ͼ 16(b))£¬½ø¶øÓÐÒæÓÚÒº-ÆøÒ³Ã涤ÔúÔÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹¶¥²¿£¬±£³ÖÍÁ²ãµÄ´æÓУ¬Íê³ÉCassie-BaxterÇé¿ö. ½«Ô²ÄÁÏÍâÐͶà¿×½á¹¹¶à¼¶±ð»¯£¬ÔÚ¦Ìm¼¶¹¹ÔìÉϴÄÉÃ×¹¹Ô죬ÄËÖÁ¹æ¸ñ¸üСµÄ´Î¼¶ÏßȦ¹¹Ô죬²úÉú¶à¼¶±ð¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍ(Cortese et al. 2008£¬Jeong et al. 2006£¬Nosonovsky & Bhushan£¬2007£¬Shirtcliffe et al. 2004)£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙ¹Ì̬ÓëҺ̬µÄ´¥Åö×ÜÃæ»ý£¬Ìá¸ß¶à¿×½á¹¹ÄÚµÄÆûÌå³É·Ö£¬·¢Õ¹Òº-ÆøÒ³ÃæµÄÀιÌÐÔ£¬½ø¶ø´ó·ù¶È½µµÍÔ²ÄÁϱí¹ÛÍâÐ͵ĻÄÜ£¬·¢Õ¹ÍâÐ͵ÄÊèË®ÐÔ£¬ÄËÖÁÍê³ÉÊèÓÍÍâÐÍ(Hsieh et al. 2010£¬Kota et al. 2012b£¬Pan et al. 2013£¬Tuteja et al. 2007£¬Wong et al. 2013£¬Zhang G Y et al. 2013). Õë¶ÔһЩͨ¹ýÓÅ»¯½á¹¹µÄÐÔÄÜ׿Խ³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍ£¬ÔÚ³öÒºÅöײÒԺ󣬻¹Äܹ»±£³ÖÍÁ²ãµÄ´æÓУ¬·ÀÖ¹ÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³ÌµÄ²úÉú(Liu et al. 2014£¬Í¼ 17).
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ͼ 16?Íê³É³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐ͵Ķà¿×½á¹¹·½°¸Éè¼Æ.(a)ÄÚ°¼½á¹¹¶à¿×½á¹¹µÄµç¾µÏàƬ(Liu & Kim£¬2014). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹ú¿ÆѧºÏÀíÑо¿»áÈ«²¿.(b)Ìø³æÍâÐ͵Ķà¿×½á¹¹Íâò£¬¿ÉÒÔÍê³É³¬ÊèË®³¬ÊèÓÍÌصã(Hensel et al. 2013). ³ö°æȨ¹éÓ¢¹úÓлú»¯Ñ§Ñ§ºÃÈ«²¿ |
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ͼ 17?ÐÔÄÜ׿Խ³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍÓÐЧµÖÓùÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äÈ«¹ý³Ì: ÔÚ2.7 msʱ£¬³öÒºÔçÒÑÉîÏݶà¿×½á¹¹ÖУ¬µ«ÓÉÓÚ¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵ij¬ÊèË®ÌØÐÔ£¬·¢Õ¹ÁËÇÖÈóÇé¿öת±äµÄÄÜÁ¦ÄÜ϶£¬¼´Ê¹ÔÚ³öÒº¿ìËÙÅöײÍâÐ͵ÄÇéÐÎÏ£¬³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐÍ»¹¿ÉÒÔά³ÖCassie-BaxterÇé¿ö(Liu et al. 2014). ³ö°æȨ¹é´¿ÌìÈ»³ö°æ·¢Ðм¯ÍŹ«Ë¾È«²¿ |
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ͼ 22?³¬ÊèË®ÍâÐ͵ÄÒƶ¯Ìصã:(a)³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐÍÍê³É³¬Òƶ¯¹¦ÄÜÔÀíƽÃæͼ(Vino-gradova & Belyaev£¬2011). ³ö°æȨ¹é·¨¹úÎïÀí»á³ö°æ·¢ÐÐÓÐÏÞÔðÈι«Ë¾È«²¿.(b)³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵ļõ×èÌØÐÔ(Brennan et al. 2015): ¶ÔÓÚ³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐͼ°¹â½àÍâÐͶþÖÖÊÔÆ·£¬¿ªÕ¹Ë®ÏÂÁ÷³¡×èÁ¦ÏµÊý¾«È·²âÁ¿£¬»ñµÃÈýÖÖ¸ººÉϵÄʵ¼ÊЧ¹û£¬¸÷×ÔΪ´¦ÔÚCassie-BaxterÇé¿öµÄ³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵Ä×èÁ¦ÏµÊý(¡ó)£¬´¦ÔÚWenzelÇé¿öµÄ³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵Ä×èÁ¦ÏµÊý(¡õ)¼°ÆäÓÃÒÔ±ÈÕյĹâ½àÍâÐÍ×èÁ¦ÏµÊý(¡ð)£¬ÊÔÑé»ñµÃ³¬ÊèË®¶à¿×½á¹¹ÍâÐ͵ļõ×èÂʽϴó¿É´ï32%. ³ö°æȨ¹é´¿ÌìÈ»³ö°æ·¢Ðм¯ÍŹ«Ë¾È«²¿ |
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